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Jammu and Kashmir was, from 1846 until 1952, a princely state in the British Empire in India, and was ruled by Jamwal Rajput Dogra Dynasty.〔Jerath, Ashok (1998). ''Dogra Legends of Art and Culture'', (p. 22 )〕 The state was created in 1846 after the First Anglo-Sikh War. The East India Company annexed the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and Gilgit-Baltistan from the the Sikhs, and then transferred it to Gulab Singh in return for an indemnity payment of 7,500,000 Nanakshahee Rupees. At the time of the Indian independence, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to become independent and remain neutral between the successor dominions of India or the Pakistan. However, an uprising in the western districts of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, allegedly supported by Pakistan, put an end to his plans for independence. On 26 October 1947, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession joining the Dominion of India in return for military aid.〔http://www.bbc.com/news/10537286〕 The western and northern districts presently known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan. ==Creation== Kashmir was ruled by the Pashtun Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, until in 1819 it was annexed by the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh.〔("Kashmir and Jammu" ) ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 93.〕 Jammu was a tributary of the Sikh Empire at this time. The Raja of Jammu, Kishore Singh, died in 1822; his son Gulab Singh was recognized by the Sikh Empire as his heir.〔("Kashmir and Jammu" ) ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 94.〕 As a vassal of the Sikh Empire, Gulab Singh began expanding his kingdom. He conquered Bhadarwah after a slight resistance. He then annexed Kishtwar after the minister, Wazir Lakhpat, quarrelled with the ruler and sought the assistance of Gulab Singh. The Raja of Kishtwar surrendered without fighting when Gulab Singh's forces arrived. The conquest of Kishtwar meant that Singh had gained control of two of the roads which led into Ladakh, which then led to the conquest of that territory. Although there were huge difficulties due to the mountains and glaciers, Gulab Singh's Dogra troop under his general Zorawar Singh Kahluria conquered the whole of Ladakh in two campaigns.〔("Kashmir and Jammu" ) ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 95.〕 A few years later, in 1840, Zorawar Singh invaded Baltistan, captured the Raja of Skardu, who had sided with the Ladakhis, and annexed his country to Gulab Singh's kingdom. In 1841 Zorawar Singh invaded Tibet, but perished with nearly his entire army in the harsh winter. Whether it was policy or whether it was accident, by 1840 Gulab Singh had encircled Kashmir.〔 In the winter of 1845, the First Anglo-Sikh War broke out. Gulab Singh remained neutral until the Battle of Sobraon in 1846, when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted adviser of Sir Henry Lawrence. The war was ended by two treaties. In the Treaty of Lahore, the Sikh Empire ceded territory to the East India Company in lieu of part of a large indemnity; this territory included the hill country between the rivers Beas and Indus. The EIC had incurred large expenses in the Anglo-Sikh War. Sir Henry Lawrence counselled the Viceroy, Lord Hardinge, to recover these outlays by selling Kashmir to Gulab Singh. Thus, in the Treaty of Amritsar, for 7.5 million Nanakshahee Rupees the EIC made over to Gulab Singh all the hilly or mountainous country "situated to the westward of the river Indus and eastward of the river Ravi", and recognized him as Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu.〔 The new state covered an area of .〔("Kashmir and Jammu" ) ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 72.〕 Later, the regions of Hunza, Nagar, and Gilgit were added to the state. Sikh chief minister Lal Singh asked the governor of Kashmir, Imam-Uddin, to resist occupation by Gulab Singh's Dogras. British forces were sent to support Gulab Singh, and Immad-Uddin submitted. He also produced the letters from Lal Singh directing him to oppose Gulab Singh. For this treachery, Lal Singh faced the wrath of the British Empire. Lal Singh was removed from his post and also banished from the Punjab. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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